(Berlin, DEU) - President Barack Obama issued a call for Russian and US nuclear arsenals to be slashed in a speech at Berlin's iconic Brandenburg Gate and warned Western governments against complacency, saying history's work was not done.
Obama used the once-divided city's rebirth as a metaphor for progress, as he stood on the east side of the route of the Berlin Wall.
"The wall belongs to history. But we have history to make as well," a sweat-streaked Obama said to an invited crowd of 4,500 people standing before the majestic landmark in sweltering summer weather.
The US leader called on Russia to agree to bring the number of strategic nuclear weapons held by the former Cold War foes down to around 1,000 and to also cut stocks of tactical nuclear arms.
"I've determined that we can ensure the security of America and our allies and maintain a strong deterrent while reducing our strategic weapons by up to one-third," Obama said.
"These are steps we can take to create a world of peace and justice," he said, seeking to cement nuclear arms reductions as a key piece of his legacy.
It remains unclear whether Russian President Vladimir Putin, with whom Obama had a frosty meeting at the G8 summit in Northern Ireland on Monday, will agree to such substantial weapons cuts.
Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin however poured cold water on the proposal.
"How can we take seriously this idea about cuts in strategic nuclear potential while the United States is developing its potential to intercept this strategic potential?" he said, according Russia's Itar-TASS news agency.
"Clearly, (Russia's) political leadership cannot take these assurances seriously," said Rogozin, who oversees the defence sector and the nuclear industry, according to the state-owned Itar-TASS news agency.
"The offence arms race leads to a defence arms race and vice versa," he said, speaking after a government meeting with President Vladimir Putin in Saint Petersburg that focused on Russia's defence sector.
Russian diplomats have additionally told Washington ahead of Obama's speech that cuts should include other nuclear armed states, not just Russia and the United States, according to Kremlin foreign policy aide Yury Ushakov.
"The situation now is not like in the 1960s and 1970s when only the United States and the Soviet Union held talks on reducing nuclear arms," Ushakov said at a briefing in Moscow.
"Now we need to look more broadly... and increase the circle of participants in possible contacts on this matter."
Obama sought to conjure up the echoes of speeches by predecessors John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan, though his speech lacked the historic weight and urgency of their Cold War efforts.
Nearly 50 years to the day after Kennedy proclaimed "Ich bin ein Berliner" in Berlin, Obama built his conceit around another quote from the assassinated Democrat's speech -- the idea of "peace with justice".
Obama issued a call for the equality of economic opportunity, gender, sexuality and respect for immigrants and all religious faiths, in a throwback to his own campaign rhetoric in 2008 and 2012.
And he made his firmest vow to date to make good on promises to tackle global warming, which have largely been derailed by resistance in the US Congress and by a fear of harming the sluggish US economy.
"Peace with justice means refusing to condemn our children to a harsher, less hospitable planet," Obama said, to applause from the crowd.
Obama also vowed to do more to help those living in poverty and those who are still living under repression, including in the Middle East.
His speech though lacked the pomp of the soaring address in Berlin to 200,000 people he gave as a candidate for the White House in 2008.
This time, Obama spoke as a somewhat jaded leader, who has battled economic blight for five years, wielded lethal power in the US anti-terror campaign, and theoretically at least had the power to fix the problems he invoked.
The crowd reaction was enthusiastic, but more tempered than when Obama, riding a wave of hope and change, spoke at Berlin's Victory Column five years ago.
Germans had eagerly awaited the pageantry of Obama's first trip to their capital as president, but his arrival had been preceded by sharp questions about the scope of National Security Agency (NSA) programmes.
Obama, under fire at home and abroad over the snooping, sought to assure Germans that the system was limited in scope and legal during a press conference with German Chancellor Angela Merkel.
He argued that "lives have been saved" because of the use of the surveillance system.
"We know of at least 50 threats that have been averted -- not just in the United States, but in countries around the world, including Germany," he said.
Merkel, who spent most of the day with Obama, hosted a dinner in his honour before his departure for Washington. In a toast, she said Germany was willing to take up his call for action on issues from climate change to nuclear proliferation.
